The Korean government even went as far as having a prefect publicly state that by adopting western-style customs and clothing, Japan had become a barbarian nation. '", The Lavenberg Collection of Japanese Prints, Gorykaku (surrender of the Ezo rebels to Saig, The Rebellion Begins, Issue 1 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Huge Win of the Armed Forces, Issue 4 from the Osaka newspaper Kagoshima-ken ari no sonomama, March 5, 1877, The Debate Over Invading Korea (Seikanron), May 15, 1877, The Arraignment of Oyama Tsunayoshi, August 27, 1877, Illustration of the Rebels Being Suppressed at Kagoshima, October 1877, Report on the Actual Condition at the Battlefield, September 21, 1877. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. As none of the eyewitness accounts mention a wound to the abdomen, or any fresh sword wound at all, it is unknown if Saig pierced his stomach with his sword. Few would return. [7] These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. This upbringing instilled a sense of dignity, frugality, and honor in young Saigo. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In the hostilities which followed he took no part, being content to show his disapproval of the new regime by withdrawing into a retirement from which he never again emerged. OutOfFighters 3 yr. ago. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saig led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. List Price: $31.95. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Publish Date: Dec 10, 2008. The Shigakko students set out with him, bringing rifles, pistols, swords, and artillery. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Rather than facing arrest, Gessho and Saigo jumped from a skiff into Kagoshima Bay and were pulled from the water by the boat's crewregrettably, Gessho could not be revived. A myth persists that the head was never found. traffic source, etc. Meanwhile, however, a crisis was developing in the government itself. Made by Takamura Kun, it was unveiled on December 18, 1898. Paperback, 1 edition, Wiley, February 7, 2005. English Wikipedia. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. The survivors were out of ammunition, so had to rely on their swords. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. He was one of the most influential samurai in Japanese history and one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a banzai charge had no appreciable effect. Saig and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo and marines under the command of Admiral Kawamura Sumiyoshi outnumbered Saig 60-to-1. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle." Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. SAIGO's army campaigned as far as Kumamoto and Miyazaki (both in Kyushu), but then returned to Kagoshima in September, where it holed up in Shiroyama. Corrections? List Price: $32.75. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! [2] He had six siblings and his younger brother was Marshal-Admiral Marquis Saig Jd. . Decent Essays. The Whiskey Rebellion: George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and the Frontier Rebels who Challenged America's Newfound Sovereignty by William Hogeland. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. https://www.thoughtco.com/figures-and-events-in-asian-history-s2-3896549 (accessed March 1, 2023). As a result, Takamori and his siblings all shared a single blanket at night even though they were large people, sturdy with a few standing over six feet tall. The Last Samurai's Katsumoto Moritsugu is based on the iconic Japanese samurai Saig Takamori. Modern weapons were also used such as the Smith & Wesson Model No. At the start of the Satsuma Rebellion, the Imperial Japanese Army (including the Imperial Guard) numbered approximately 34,000 men. The Meiji Restoration of 1868 signaled the beginning of the end for Japan's samurai warriors. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . Although greatly dismayed by the revolt, Saig was reluctantly persuaded to lead the rebels against the central government. by W. W. McLaren (page images at HathiTrust) A battalion was 672 men strong and was organized as per the line battalions. Buck, James H. "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. This provoked open conflict, although with the elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, tensions were already extremely high. A battalion had 640 men in peacetime and theoretically 960 men in wartime. Satsuma Rebellion. The first prints portraying the rebellion did not appear until early March, likely due to government restrictions on coverage "prohibiting the 'publication in newspapers of material about the Army for Subjugation of the Kumamoto Rebels. Vol. On the third day of battle, the artillery division from Tsu domain defected to Saigo's side and began to shell the shogun's army instead. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These cookies track visitors across websites . It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, . The Satsuma Rebellion. He excelled more as a scholar than a warrior, reading extensively before he graduated from school at 14 and was formally introduced to the Satsuma in 1841. [11], Modern weapons that were used by the Imperial Army include the Smith and Wesson Model 3, Colt 1851 Navy Revolver, Winchester Model 1873, Enfield Pattern 1853, Mauser Model 1871, as well as the Gatling and Armstrong guns. Saigo privately cheered on the rebels in other provinces, but stayed at his country house rather than returning to Kagoshima for fear that his presence might spark yet another rebellion. Szczepanski, Kallie. As tensions increased, in January 1877, the central government sent a ship to seize munitions stores from Kagoshima. Satsuma Rebellion. Even before the Restoration the contentions of rival parties had led in Choshiu to grave disorders, which had weakened that clan in its conflict with the Tokugawa Government; while in Mito the struggle of opposing factions, supporting, respectively, the Shogunate, and the Court party represented by the old Prince of Mito, had resulted in prolonged and fierce fighting. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. The year 2018 has seen many events in Japan marking 150 years since the Meiji Restoration. On September 1, Saigo and his 300 surviving men moved to Shiroyama mountain above Kagoshima, which was occupied by 7,000 imperial troops. Updates? It contains an account of the battle, listing the number of cannons used, etc. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. Unable to overcome the affection that the people had for this paragon of traditional samurai virtues, the Meiji-era government pardoned him posthumously on February 22, 1889. Although much of his history has been lost, recent scholars have discovered clues to the true nature of this illustrious warrior and diplomat. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 28, Issue 3, Cambridge University Press, July 1994. academic excellence, an international orientation, and a liberal spirit. The government, however, refused to negotiate. The Battle of Shiroyama: The final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion, this battle serves as the basis for the final battle scene in the film. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. This document is the report by OYAMA Iwao, who led the attack on SAIGO's army at Shiroyama. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Although Satsuma had been one of the key players in the Meiji Restoration and the Boshin War, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new Meiji government, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. The new conscript levies initially struggled to defeat Saig, and the government found it necessary to enlist former. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Meiji Restoration leader's lessons of sincerity", Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 1 of 2), On Saig and the establishment of a railway, "The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, "Seppuku", and the Politics of Legend", Portraits of Modern Japanese Historical Figures, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saig_Takamori&oldid=1130843774, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from January 2018, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Saig Kichijir (younger brother): Killed in action in the, Saig Kohei (younger brother): Killed in action in the, This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 07:05. The Battle of Shiroyama ( Shiroyama no tatakai) took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saig was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government. After receiving reinforcements, the imperial force, now totaling 4,000 men, attacked the rear elements of the Satsuma army and drove them back. image. Maebara Ikkaku, from Bumbu komei den (Story of famous figures for military and literary) 20,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. The artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. Each battalion consisted of four companies. Above all these classes were the Mikado, the secluded divinity of Ki6to, still theo- retically the source of all authority; . ode to the vampire mother results; national asset mortgage lawsuit; green tuna paper; mary davis sos band net worth The Japanese people appreciated the fact that he remained loyal to his virtues until his death in 1877. Later this would turn out to be a pivotal decision since Choshu was Satsuma's major ally in the Boshin War. From humble beginnings in the capital of Satsuma, Saigo followed the path of the samurai through his brief exile and would go on to lead reform in the Meiji government, eventually dying for his causeleaving a lasting impact on the people and culture of 1800s Japan. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). . The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War (Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. The Meiji government, with an army numbering 300,000 to 350,000 and was able to cripple the Satsuma rebellion in a matter of months. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. Szczepanski, Kallie. The Satsuma Rebellion was a samurai rebellion against the imperial government of Japan which occurred from 29 January to 24 September 1877 on the island of Kyushu. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. Kumamoto castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saig was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's peasant conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent Shinpren rebellion. The Satsuma Rebellion : Illustrated Japanese History - the Last Stand of the Samurai by Wilson, Sean and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Saigo's retirement project was the Shigakko, new private schools for young Satsuma samurai where the students studied infantry, artillery, and the Confucian classics. The very rapid and massive changes to Japanese culture, language, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the ji ("expel the barbarian") portion of the sonn ji justification used to overthrow the former Tokugawa shogunate. It threatened an all-out attack on Choshu, even though it did not have the military might to defeat that large domain. Request Permissions. Japan was divided into six military districts: Tokyo, Sendai, Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima and Kumamoto, with two or three regiments of infantry, plus artillery and other auxiliary troops, assigned to each district. A Long History of Japanese Women Warriors, Biography of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 16th Century Unifier of Japan, Overview of the Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan, Bushido: The Ancient Code of the Samurai Warrior, Russo-Japanese War: Admiral Togo Heihachiro, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. The Satsuma Rebellion is recommended to all readers interested in Japanese and samurai history. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces (IJAF) were the combined military forces of the Japanese Empire.Formed during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly after Japan's defeat to the Allies of World War II; the renewed Constitution of Japan, drafted during the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were disbanded in 1947, shortly By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Saig was defeated and killed at the . Instance of. It was believed by some that he had fled to Russia, or ascended to Mars. However, disgruntled samurai in Satsuma viewed him as a symbol of traditional virtues and wanted him to lead them in opposition to the Meiji state. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Support for Saig was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876. Saig was a strong proponent of war with Korea in the Seikanron debate of 1873. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. By 1877, he sided with rebel forces and fought in what's now known as the Satsuma Rebellion. 1794 by H.M. Brackenridge. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to Miyazaki, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct guerilla attacks. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. Illustration of the Navy Landing at Sukuchi Village (battle of Tabaruzaka Hill), Kagoshima Shinbun: Illustration of the Battle of Yamagaguchi, March 1877. Satsuma Rebellion Part of the ShizokuRebellions Map of the campaign Belligerents Empire of Japan Satsuma Domain Commanders and leaders Emperor Meiji Prince Arisugawa Yamagata Aritomo Kuroda Kiyotaka Tani Tateki Saig Takamori Kirino Toshiaki Beppu Shinsuke Strength 227,000 10 warships 25,000-35,000 Casualties and losses Most of Saig's remaining forces either surrendered or committed seppuku. On the same day, Saig met with his lieutenants Kirino Toshiaki and Shinohara Kunimoto and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. "The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori." On September 24, 1877, at 3:45 am, the Emperor's army launched its final assault in what is known as the Battle of Shiroyama. His political organizing ran afoul of the new daimyo, however, who had him arrested and banished to a different small island just four months after his return from Amami. Since the OP might be interested, here are the pages from the above reading on the Satsuma Rebellion and its aftermath. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. Wikipedia. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saig's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. He went to the Emperor's court in Kyoto in March and was amazed to meet samurai from other domains who treated him with reverence for his defense of Gessho. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. In peacetime, each company had approximately 160 privates and 32 officers and non-commissioned officers. Forty-six other military officers from the southwest resigned as well, and government officials feared that Saigo would lead a coup. Japanese samurai (18281877) who led the Satsuma Rebellion. Saigo supported a stronger role for the Emperorbut distrusted the others' millennial rhetoric. The eight-month-long Satsuma Rebellion was the last great rebellion of feudal Japan, quite literally the last stand of the disaffected samurai warriors against the new imperial government, put in place by the Meiji Restoration. With Portrait, Maps, and. Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. Takamori Saigo, defeated in his insistent advocacy of the invasion of Korea, resigned his councillorship in the Cabinet and returned to his native place. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and Hitoyoshi against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. Located on the southern tip of Kyushu Island, more than 800 miles south of Tokyo, the Satsuma domain had existed and governed itself for centuries with very little interference from the central government. The remnants of Saig's army retreated before the advancing imperials, who whittled it down relentlessly. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. This rebellion was led by the restoration hero Saig Takamori and lasted six months. Superior Essays. [6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. After centuries of samurai rule, however, many members of the warrior class were understandably reluctant to give up their status and power. Satsuma Rebellion of 1877 - Sources The division of feeling which existed in several of the clans following the Meiji Restoration was most conspicuous in Satsuma, Choshiu and Mito. During the conflict, the government side expended on average 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day. In its central quarters in that town, and in branches elsewhere, the youth of the clan received a military training. ISBN-10: 1437338992. There were many causes of the Indian Rebellion. The artillery battalion was divided into 2 batteries with 130 men per battery. This opposition reached the boiling point in 1876 when the central government banned samurai from carrying swords and stopped paying them stipends. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. In 1873, the central government began to conscript commoners as soldiers, replacing the samurai. Historian Ivan Morris described him as "the quintessential hero of modern Japanese history". SAIGO's forces were crushed on September 24, 1877 (Meiji 10) in the face of a general attack by government forces. The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. 724 Words; 3 Pages; Themes In Keeper N Me. Has part or parts. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. Satsuma Rebellion The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. His intransigence was one of the major causes of the subsequent Boshin War. Monumenta Nipponica The Guard infantry was divided into 2 regiments of 2 battalions each. ThoughtCo, Sep. 7, 2021, thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. The decision in 1938 The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. Saigo was shot through the femur in the last suicide charge and one of his companions cut off his head and hid it from the imperial troops to preserve his honor. [citation needed], In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". SAIGO, who was then living in seclusion, had no choice but to rise to action after the private-school faction beseeched him to do so. Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right, Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." ISBN-10: 1142113523. 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