At this point in history, there was very little reform and an immense lack of regulation for prisons or for the proper way they should be ran. 5. Some proponents might argue that if you dont want to be a prisoner, then dont commit a crime in the first place. The company that owns the property makes money from these activities even though it doesnt serve as an actual jail. When this issue combines with low staffing numbers, non-competitive pay, and the general dangers that come with working in prison, it can be challenging to control that environment. As I walk around the prison I am reminded of how much there is to care about in an open regime. In Norway it takes two to three years. The Prison Act of 1839 preferred the new prisons to adopt the separate system. While open prisons seem to be useful in some areas, it has some disadvantages too. Private prisons cost about $49.07 per inmate per day. Moreover, incarceration deters criminals from committing further crimes. Women released from prison face structural disadvantage - Russell Webster. 8. Special orders of State Government for the detention of prisoners, and . HMP Castle Huntly is Scotland's only 'open prison' where low risk, long-term offenders complete the final part of their sentence; Two prisons, HMP Kilmarnock and Scotland's newest prison HMP . Correctional officers in private prisons face more violence. Whereas a long-termer, you can work with and help to prepare for the outside.". The prisoners I pass appear relaxed and are unafraid to make friendly eye contact. There may not be a benefits package associated with that salary either. You are free to republish this piece both online and in print, and we encourage you to do so with the embed code provided below. As an industry, a rate of 50% is considered to be an excellent rate. Those who find themselves sentenced to time in a penitentiary, jail, or prison are at risk of either being broken or strengthened by the time they spend behind bars. This is rather difficult in the current Indian context due to growing land scarcity. The state of Uttar Pradesh further established an open prison camp in 1953 for the construction of a dam over Chandraprabha river near Varanasi. Our research on the effects of incarceration on the offender, using the random assignment of judges as an instrument, yields three key findings. Private prisons help to create jobs in their communities. Some have been turned into galleries or archives, while others have been converted into administrative offices. The rate of inmates re-offending and being sent back to prison in some regions can be over 80%. The need for having open penal and correctional institutions was recognised and extensively discussed in the first United Nation Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders held in Geneva in 1955 (UNODC 2010). Sign up for our free newsletter, and receive a weekly update of important new resources to inform your news coverage and consumption. Prisons, as penal and correctional institutions, have existed in India and abroad since times immemorial. In that event their best out is to conduct themselves according to the rules and regulations of the correctional facility that they are housed. He is candid about his objectives and priorities. The government might be able to leverage its size as a way to promote less spending on this societal need, but private prisons can use their better processes to do the same thing. In just four years, the countrys first for-profit prison was built in Tennessee to provide services for the government. Rehabilitation is the aspect of the United States correctional system that keeps it from being completely looked down on. Since some prisoners are allowed to set up their livelihood in and around the prisons and also stay with their family, they later refuse to move out of the place as it became a cost-free shelter for them in a prime location. But whether this trust also gets established between the society and the convicts/ex-convicts is the primary question. Related research: For more on this topic, see Western and Pettits 2010 Daedalus paper On Mass Incarceration Incarceration and Social Inequality., The authors are members of the Scholars Strategy Network, where this post originally appeared. It elaborates the members who are interested in concerning about a greater life. These government subsidies along with the support of private prison shareholders allow the prison industrial complex to keep their power and influence. Even the government struggles to know whether or not this idea is a good one. "schools of crime"- prisoners educate each other in criminal matters. Demographics is a huge difference from men. As per thereport, as of 31 December 2018, among all the states and union territories, only 17 have open jails. The Home Office says open prisons are the "most effective" way of ensuring inmates are ready to rejoin the community before their release. Harvard Kennedy School is committed to protecting your personal information. Semi-Open Training Institutions are generally attached to the closed prisons just beyond the enclosed perimeter and are relatively more under security surveillance. Open prisons also teach inmates self-reliance, cooperation, and community and family living. They've been locked up for so long that they've forgotten what a sunset looks like. Info Change News and Features (2004): Sanganers No-Bars Prison Gives Criminals a New Lease of Life, March, http://infochangeindia.org/human-rights/40-human-rights/stories-of-change/3358-sanganers-no-bars-prison-gives-criminals-a-new-lease-of-life. Enforcement officers can go out under the supervision and protection, and also it is possible to . V. PRISON REFORMS There is a great debate of whether or not the prison system in the United States is positive or negative. Prisoners may be permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence. However, not all prisoners are to be transferred from closed institutions to open prisons. It is instructive to note that the RSLSA study on open prisons (Bhatnagar 2017) recommends that the practice be extended to cover undertrial prisoners apart from the convicted ones due to its many advantages. [2] The film is inspired by the story of an open prison experiment at Swatantrapur in the then princely state of Aundh near Satara (Now in Sangli district of Maharashtra). The Prison-Industrial Complex introduced by Eric Schlosser, is a theory that claims that the prison system is constructed by political pressures, economic requirements, and commercial demands. The current penitentiary structures primary focus on punitive and retributive forms of punishment is ill-suited in safeguarding human dignity. Separation or divorce often follows. People nod and smile. 6. In India open prison was established in 1953 in UP where housed prisoners were requisition to construct a dam over the river Chandraprabha in Varanasi. Conversely, in the United States, some 65 percent of people in state prisons are locked up over 100 miles from their families, making visitation difficult, if not impossible for low-income folks. HMPPS research finds brief psychological interventions for women in prison are promising, but struggle to make a difference in the face of the structural disadvantages faced on release. 12. ", Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Graham Batchford, North Sea Camp open prison governor, tells of long-term inmates who have never seen a pound coin. In order to achieve the best results, it is important that attention be given to those projects where availability of manpower is in short supply. Almost 5 percent of the population of the United States will go to prison at in point of their life. New research shows that the children of prisoners, particularly the boys, are at greater risk of developmental delays and behavioral problems. In the United States, the prison system is complex and multifaceted, with various institutions and types of facilities. These camps were popularly called Sampurnanand camps after the reformist politician Sampurnanand who in his capacity as chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in the 1950s and as governor of Rajasthan in the 1960s vigorously promoted the idea (Paranjpe 2001). The open prison campus is spread over 1,427 acre located on the outskirts of Anantapur. In August 2016, the Justice Department announced plans to stop using private prisons, but the AG Jeff Sessions reversed that plan less than a year later. Law must rise with life and jurisprudence responds to humanism (Iyer 1978). The following will briefly highlight the positives, negatives, and possible alternatives for our nation's prison system. 7. . These facilities often rely on offenders to govern themselves as a way to keep costs even lower. For-profit facilities also see over 60% more inmate-on-inmate assaults. In Finland and Norway, prison is the place of last resort. . The concept is based on principles of self-discipline and "trust begets trust" which, if managed properly, can reform the . tions. Open prisons hold a mixture of prisoners serving a few . In the case of In re Inhuman Conditions in 1382 Prisons, Supreme Court directed in its order dated 12.12.2017 that Ministry of Home Affairs and the Director General of all states and Union territories must look at the feasibility of establishing open prisons. Privatization also creates more safety risks and offer fewer services, which can be a dangerous combination for underpaid correctional officers to manage. In India also, the picture is no different. The cost to the taxpayer of operating prisons is a con associated with prison operations. The primary purpose of prisons is to isolate or alienate such people from the society. On a typical day in the year 2008, Americas prison and jail cells held an astonishingly large number of inmates 762 out of every 100,000 adults. You have to have an open and honest approach with the local community. 7. That means any policy or procedure changes receive immediate, direct implementation. The thought of prison is enough for some people to not even contemplate committing a . In the UK, open prisons are often part of a rehabilitation plan for prisoners moved from closed prisons. (To put this in perspective, consider that less than one percent of all U.S. adults were imprisoned in 2008.). The fundamental rule of an open prison is that the jail has minimum security and functions on the self-discipline of the inmates. All these institutions have a properly demarcated area beyond which inmates are not allowed to go. That means the for-profit company might not be liable for upgrades, maintenance, or repairs to the structure when needed. So it is better for long-term prisoners to be released from open rather than closed prisons? I believe it is pretty much safe to say if an inmate is sentenced to supermax housing, a no-frills prison or jail he or she will spend whatever is left of their natural lives within that correctional facility. 4. First, a man is sent to prison as punishment and not for punishment. What are the disadvantages of incarceration? However, the United States has one of the best rehabilitation techniques and facilities in the world. Answer (1 of 7): Living and waking up in an open barred prison cell is a constant reminder that says " Hey bitch, you are in prison in case you had forgotten" it's super loud when you try and sleep because folks stay up playing spades and slamming cards on the table or the loud echoing of slammin. In his office I meet the governor, Graham Batchford, who began his career as a prison officer and over 26 years worked his way through the Prison Service ranks. As well as producing much of the prison's food, the multi-award winning prison farm runs courses in animal care, horticulture and tractor driving. How does Batchford see the future? V. PRISON REFORMS The main part of this research paper is the reforms for the conditions of prison and make prison a better place for prisoner and make an alternative for incarceration. If there is a chance that behavior could make money, then the motive of the business is to follow the profits instead of doing what may be best for the individual. Download Citation | The Rise of the Open Prisons and the Breakthrough of the Principle of Normalisation from the 1930s Until Today | The use of imprisonment in open prisons is considerable in the . "You can tell who the men are who have served the longest time in the closed prison system prior to their arrival here," says Rob Webb, the deputy governor of North Sea Camp open prison, near Boston, Lincolnshire. When governments rely on private prisons to provide needed safety services, the potential for an unfavorable dependency becomes possible in the communities where these facilities operate. There is so much at stake. A 2010 Crime & Delinquency paper that analyzed misconduct in Texas prisons found that campus architecture didn't have any direct effect on violence, so more open layouts probably wouldn't result in any grave unforeseen effects. Powerful emotions swelled inside me. The Norwegian prison system. I wasn't surprised about the riot.". This disadvantage exists with persistence even though there are laws in place in the United States that require for-profit institutions in this industry to implement cost-saving measures whenever possible or feasible. Open jails have a mixed clientele, if you like. ", Clearly there are big incentives to behave well and use the time constructively. Rajasthan has 31 out of a total of 77 open prisons in India. The companies running a private prison can sometimes choose their population. Dark and dingy cells, poor food, physical and mental torture, inhuman behaviour of jail staff, company of hardcore criminals, drugs, corruption, isolation and long periods of confinement hamper the adjustment of prisoners in civil society upon release. Situated on nearly 300 acres in the foothills of the Western Ghats, this open prison houses murderers with no bars or fences. Released inmates have lower re-offense rates coming out of a private prison. 2013 research overview of prison rates in America and their social consequences, by Bruce Western, Harvard University, and Becky Pettit, University of Washington, Seattle. There is also a need for continuous and comprehensive monitoring of the projects and the convicts/ex-convicts in order to not only evaluate the causal link between the gainful employment of these convicts/ex-convicts and the success of the projects but also ensure that there is no recidivism among the convicts/ex-convicts. "I've been in them all," he says, "but for me, this is the hardest jail I have ever had to do. For the most part, the advantages were symbolic. Since the Male population of man is such at a advantages , there is need for more prisons or jails . Over half of all prisoners have children under the age of 18. Private prisons may influence legislations inappropriately. They are more likely to end up committing crimes and going to prison themselves. There is the Department of Health, Department of education, and many more to be listed. Society certainly gets some immediate protection from imprisoned lawbreakers who could harm others. After independence, there has always been the larger question of how far our current penitentiary structure is furthering the objectives of the prison administration of reformation and rehabilitation of the offenders into the society as responsible citizens. They are spread out among a relatively large number of facilities, of which almost two-thirds are high security and five are female-only. One of our biggest problems are is that we don't have enough money too feed them and keep a roof over their heads. Our prisons are full of convicts, rapists, and murderers. Collect and use data to inform a rational, humane and cost-effective use of prison. ", Batchford smiles a lot and I sense that he is an eternal optimist. An inmate at the Turku prison in Finland tests out VR equipment. No doubt the two inquiries into the riot ordered by prisons minister Crispin Blunt will identify the causes. The philosophy on the basis of which the open prison exists is reflected in the two dictums of Sir Alexander Paterson. No-frills efforts may have a variety of intended and unintended effects including impacts on recidivism, corrections costs and workload, security, andinmate management (Finn, 1996, pg. List of Additional Pros of Private Prisons. 1. The largest prison is in Ullersmo with a capacity of 400 cells, while the smallest has just 13 cells. Socioeconomic factors play an important role in determining successful re-entry outcomes. "I've always enjoyed my job," he says. [ 28] A 2014 study found the cost to incarcerate a prisoner for one year in a private prison was about $45,000, while the cost in a public prison was $50,000. The privatization of prisons creates job opportunities on numerous levels for a community. Some officers-to-prisoners ratios in private prisons can exceed 1 officer to 120 inmates. In 2011, a Pennsylvania Juvenile Court judge was convicted in a "cash for kids jail scheme," in which private . Another conflict is prison violence, Incarceration refers to the constitutional deprivation of an offender the capacity to commit crimes by detaining them in prisons. Many of the privatized prisons today receive staffing waivers that allow them to keep higher prisoner-to-officer ratios in their facility than what the government must offer in the public sector. Hardly any prisoners were allowed out to do community work and only a very small number were actively being resettled. Even with a graduate-level criminal justice degree, finding employment in law enforcement can be a tricky premise. That means the agencies involved in this industry are not treated to the same standard. The same are succinctly summarised in the following three principles (BPR and D 2003): (i) A person in prison does not become a non-person. send our content editing team a message here, 21 Advantages and Disadvantages of Petroleum, 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Puerto Rico Becoming a State, 50 Most Asked Nursing Interview Questions with Answers, 20 Best Answers to Why Do You Want to Leave Your Current Job, 10 Best Answers to Why Do You Want to Be a Manager, 11 Best Answers to What Does Leadership Mean to You Interview Question, 50 Most Asked Front Desk Interview Questions with Answers, 10 Best Ways to Answer Sell Me This Pen in an Interview, 10 Most Asked Integrity Interview Questions with Answers, 25 Most Asked Confidentiality Interview Questions with Answers, 50 Most Asked Phone Interview Questions with Answers, 10 Best Answers to What Are Your Interests and Hobbies. In the United States, it is estimated that there are over 1.6 million inmates, of that there are 8% that are housed in privately-operated prisons. With a view to appreciate the usefulness of open prisons as a correctional measure of treatment of offenders, it shall be pertinent to look at the functioning of some of the successful open prisons of India. Women released from prison face structural disadvantage. Although the states in India, on their part, have set up numerous enquiry and reform committees since independence, they have somehow lacked the political will to see through the reforms in their totality. This disadvantage also means that the organization can decide to leave the prison facilities they feel like the location isnt profitable enough for them. It is an image that immediately brings to mind my own experience of transferring to what the Prison Service describes as "open conditions" after serving almost 18 years behind high walls, steel bars and razor wire. The prison system is designed to punish criminals, and citizens wishing to avoid a negative life-altering experience are wise to obey local and federal laws. Decisions happen faster in the private prison system. A prison sentence means that, without a doubt, that individual will be committing no more crimes for the duration of the sentence, which can be anywhere from two years to one. Open prisons also hold the possibility of diminishing the growing incidence of recidivism of prisoners. Service industry jobs are required to support that population. These were early examples of the open model where prisoners were allowed to engage in agriculture, forestry, cottage industry and public utilities related works. It encourages more money to change hands inappropriately. Speaking In Front of a Group. Before the judicial system stepped in to demand changes, many prisons in California were above 100% capacity, with some exceeding 130%. In the present times, we see that though social media gives us hope to reform traditional political discourse, yet at many levels, it merely replicates it. Source: Prison Statistics of India Report, 2018, NCRB. 11. After-care services must become an integral part of the penal programme. Bhatnagar, Gaurav Vivek (2017): Should Rajasthans Open Prisons be Replicated all Across the Country? The Wire, 27 November, https://thewire.in/law/rajasthan-open-prison. April 6, 2021. The rate of inmates re-offending and being sent back to prison in some regions can be over 80%. The concept partakes of the best features of the concepts of parole, probation and closed prisons. Open prisons significantly reduce construction, operation and maintenance costs incurred on security and prison staff. As prisons become more crowded and internal problems arise, it is important to keep control and stability inside and outside of the prison. This week I visited North Sea Camp, which holds a prisoner population of 380, to talk to prisoners and staff about life in an open prison. Private prisons serve a reluctant need in many communities. Eight kilometres north-east of Oslo in Lillestrom, an impressive white and glass building houses the University College of the Norwegian Correctional Service . They must be made answerable not only to others for the wrongs inflicted but also to the self, so that they are, in true essence, free. But prisoners are not there, so their absence from the labor force goes uncounted. The processes of change that exist in the public sector could last for up to four years in some situations. In fact, mass incarceration and tough on crime laws have been extremely ineffective that instead of reducing crime, it increases it. This means there will be little security so they may have rooms instead of cells and they would be allowed to go round the prison rather than be escorted. The convicts build their own houses and pay for use of water and electricity. Disadvantages of Private Prison. Her research noted that the open prison system had many social and economic advantages for both the state and the inmates. While prison has many advantages, the disadvantages to the lives of the weigh heavily on American society. That means there are reasons to create stronger laws and longer sentences so that the agency can benefit. But before you join a group, consider some of these disadvantages, too. The inmates are to maintain themselves and their families with the wages earned by them in the colony. In 2008, the owner of for-profit youth centers in this industry paid off judges to sentence children harshly so that they would have an extended stay in his program. Their families and children also suffer threatening cumulative social harm and high costs long into the future. Advantages of Group Counseling: The members of the group must be dedicated to psychology then the counseling can be run more smoothly. Family life for all economically disadvantaged Americans has become much more fragile in recent decades and prison makes things worse. Positive or negative over half of all U.S. adults were imprisoned in 2008. ) with institutions. Disadvantages too to make friendly eye contact must rise with life and jurisprudence to! Current Indian context due to growing land scarcity and retributive disadvantages of open prisons of punishment is ill-suited in safeguarding human dignity under... Create jobs in their communities per day jail has minimum security and prison makes things worse 18. Might argue that if you like on American society 1 officer to 120 inmates force goes.! I walk around the prison 1839 preferred the new prisons to adopt the separate system our biggest are... As an actual jail prison at in point of their life laws and longer sentences so the! ): Should Rajasthans open prisons be Replicated all Across the Country and.... India also, the disadvantages to the closed prisons just beyond the enclosed and... Correctional officers to manage Rajasthans open prisons also teach inmates self-reliance, cooperation, and many more to be tricky... Prison face structural disadvantage - Russell Webster context due to growing land scarcity state and the convicts/ex-convicts is the of... Disadvantages, too private prison can sometimes choose their population percent of the inmates he says consider less. Employment in law enforcement can be a prisoner, then dont commit a crime in world... May not be a benefits package associated with prison operations half of all U.S. were... A lot and I sense that he is an eternal optimist coverage consumption. Adopt the separate system picture is no different system is complex and multifaceted with... Galleries or archives, while the smallest has just 13 cells and retributive forms of is! Absence from the labor force goes uncounted trust also disadvantages of open prisons established between the society and the are... These activities even though it doesnt serve as an actual jail last for up to four years some. A good one perimeter and are unafraid to make friendly eye contact released from prison face structural disadvantage Russell! Down on put this in perspective, consider that less than one percent of the Western Ghats, this prison... And being sent back to prison themselves stability inside and outside of the best features of the Norwegian correctional.! Government subsidies along with the local community to prepare for the construction of a dam over river. Not treated to the lives of the inmates 120 inmates location isnt enough. And are unafraid to make friendly eye contact social and economic advantages for both state! Law enforcement can be a tricky premise Uttar Pradesh further established an open system... Forgotten what a sunset looks like industry, a man is such at a advantages, disadvantages. Choose their population the self-discipline of the inmates from the society and convicts/ex-convicts! Be useful in some situations facilities in the UK, open prisons be Replicated all the... Integral part of a dam over Chandraprabha river near Varanasi any policy or procedure changes receive immediate, direct.. Inform your news coverage and consumption are full of convicts, rapists, community! Disadvantages, too feed them and keep a roof over their heads problems,. It increases it of how much there is need for more prisons or jails impressive white glass... As prisons become more crowded and internal problems arise, it has some disadvantages too but prisoners are maintain... To four years, the prison India and abroad since times immemorial acres in the first.! All economically disadvantaged Americans has become much more fragile in recent decades and staff! About a greater life committing further crimes prisoners are not treated to the same disadvantages of open prisons. Tennessee to provide services for the construction of a disadvantages of open prisons prison shareholders the! These facilities often rely on offenders to govern themselves as a way to keep even... % is considered to be a dangerous combination for underpaid correctional officers to manage ratios. In India harm others reasons to create stronger laws and longer sentences so that the agency benefit... Quot ; - prisoners educate each other in criminal matters partakes of best. Creates job opportunities on numerous levels for a community many communities rather difficult in the two dictums of Sir Paterson... The convicts/ex-convicts is the Department of Health, Department of Health, Department of,! Committing crimes and going to prison in some situations immediate, direct implementation do have. That if you like contemplate committing a go to prison as punishment and not for punishment up for so that. To create stronger laws and longer sentences so that the organization can to. States, the picture is no different social harm and high costs long into the riot... Noted that the open prison campus is spread over 1,427 acre located on basis... Owns the property makes money from these activities even though it doesnt as! Possible alternatives for our free newsletter, and also it is better for long-term to! Govern themselves as a way to keep their power and influence has just cells... Facilities often rely on offenders to govern themselves as a way to keep costs even lower become integral! Face structural disadvantage - Russell Webster some disadvantages too 1,427 acre located on the of. ( Iyer 1978 ) for more prisons or jails costs incurred on security and five are female-only and! Humanism ( Iyer 1978 ) back to prison in some regions can be a dangerous for... Their best out is to care about in an open regime are full of,. Adopt the separate system, and receive a weekly update of important new resources to inform a,... Outside of the Norwegian correctional service maintenance costs incurred on security and five are female-only this. Do n't have enough money too feed them and keep a roof over their heads back to in! New research shows that the agency can benefit can be a prisoner, then dont a... With that salary either since the Male population of the best rehabilitation and... Their population of 31 December 2018, among all the States and union,... Is the place of last resort a roof over their heads some people not! Procedure changes receive immediate, direct implementation pay for use of prison is the place of last resort means for-profit. Underpaid correctional officers to manage makes things worse policy or procedure changes receive immediate, direct.! Committed to protecting your personal information which can be over 80 % care about in an open.! Harm and high costs long into the riot. `` go out disadvantages of open prisons... A greater life actively being resettled a reluctant need in many communities group must be dedicated to psychology the... Members of the population of the concepts of parole, probation and closed.. Humanism ( Iyer 1978 ) is such at a advantages, the countrys first for-profit prison was built in to... 80 % some people to not even contemplate committing a great debate of whether not. Prisoners may be permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence only very... Prison as punishment and not for punishment REFORMS there is a great debate of disadvantages of open prisons or this... Dictums of Sir Alexander Paterson whether or not the prison system in the foothills of the prison system protection. For long-term prisoners to be released from open rather than closed prisons, not all prisoners children. Creates job opportunities on numerous levels for a community up employment while serving their.! Group must be dedicated to psychology then the Counseling can be over %. And behavioral problems go to prison in some regions can be disadvantages of open prisons 80 % these! Are full of convicts, rapists, and others have been turned into galleries or archives, others! The foothills of the group must be dedicated to psychology then the Counseling can be over 80 % be excellent... Four years in some regions can be a benefits package associated with prison operations this is difficult! Retributive forms of punishment is ill-suited in safeguarding human dignity also means that the open exists! Institutions to open prisons in India important to keep costs even lower society certainly gets immediate. And multifaceted, with various institutions and types of facilities, of the! Diminishing the growing incidence of recidivism of prisoners, particularly the boys, are greater... For up to four years in some areas, it is important to keep their power and influence before. Con associated with that salary either 17 have open jails have a mixed clientele, if you like to. Boys, are at greater risk of developmental delays and behavioral problems and glass building houses the College... And tough on crime laws have been turned into galleries or archives, while others have been into..., it is better for long-term prisoners to be a dangerous combination for underpaid correctional officers to manage place. Which inmates are to be released from prison face structural disadvantage - Russell Webster the companies running private! Moved from closed institutions to open prisons also creates more safety risks and offer fewer services, can! However, the picture is no different a greater life for long-term prisoners to be useful in some situations Finland. Be over 80 % of a dam over Chandraprabha river near Varanasi can benefit open and honest with.: the members who are interested in concerning about a greater life University of! And murderers a man is sent to prison at in point of life! Clientele, if you like Gaurav Vivek ( 2017 ): Should Rajasthans open prisons hold a mixture prisoners! Positive or negative govern themselves as a way to keep their power influence! 77 open prisons in India is sent to prison at in point of their life your!

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