If earlier Jewish and Italian immigrants brought us bagels and pizza, salsa today outsells ketchup and tacos are standard fare. in this time period? Direct link to Sanjog Dhillon's post At 0:11 Kim says the disc, Posted 3 years ago. The answers to these questions came later in the nineteenth century with the emergence of germ theory. This left Plains Indians, who depended on the buffalo We found that story to be largely a myth. If we want to know how todays newcomers will fare, we can find important clues by examining what happened to those who arrived on our shores during the greatest surge of immigration in U.S. history. When most Americans thought of minorities then, they had Black people in mind. Many well-known companies and lucrative businesses originated from an invention by immigrants. to each head of household, sort of like the Homestead Act. They provide business contacts to. [4]In the early 20th century, foreign-born and native workers competed for the same low-skilled jobs and immigrants may have driven down wages of those born here. So as we look forward Our key finding is that for immigrants who arrived in the 1900s and 1910s, the more time they spent in the U.S., the less likely they were to give their children foreign-sounding names. Between 30 and 50 percent of Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth century, for example, returned to Italy within five years of arrival. Instead, they faced a variety of struggles that will be discussed later on in the article. giving up their weapons, one rifle accidentally discharged. The Immigration Act of 1917 introduced a literacy test and prohibited entry of most others born in the Asian-Pacific region. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, people sought to better understand and manage infectious diseases. Chinese immigrants arrived en masse during the California Gold Rush and numbered in the hundreds of thousands by the late 1800s, with the majority living in California, working menial jobs. Once here, these immigrants made important contributions to American society. Senior Fellow Ran Abramitzky examines some lessons learned from the Age of Mass Migration and says fears that immigrants cannot fit into American society are misplaced. Others discovered that the challenges they had fled from, such as poverty or religious persecution, were to be encountered in America as well. All of these things continued An estimated 25 million immigrants arrived in the United States between 1870 and 1900. These findings suggest that over time immigrants sense of separateness weakened and their identification with U.S. culture grew stronger. The immigrants diversified the ethnic mix of the United States. What do you do when you have no career path? But the advantages here alluded to are trifling when compared with the increased facilities of obtaining good and cheap land in every State and Territory of the Union.3, German immigrants were similarly encouraged to immigrate to the United States. The introduction of germ theory shifted the focus of public health and disease prevention away from citywide waste control towards an emphasis on personal contact and the individual spread of disease. We can imagine that after many years in the U.S., immigrants, like natives, become baseball fans, eat hamburgers, and watch fireworks on the Fourth of July. She holds a Ph.D. in history and an honours degree in geography from the University of Ulster. 1880: As America begins a rapid period of industrialization and urbanization, a second immigration boom begins. Urban families realized that most likely at least one of their children would not reach the age of five. Immigration gives the United States an economic edge in the world economy. Moreover, these immigrants were overwhelmingly Catholic or Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and unfamiliar with a democratic government. (2015). In many central cities, immigration helped deteriorating neighborhoods make a comeback by lifting population and spurring economic growth; and immigration was a factor behind the decline in violent crime in urban America from the late 1990s and into the early 2000s. The same goes for films and TV programs with immigrant and second-generation stars, writers, and producers. The US Army then massacred somewhere between 200 and 300 men, At the beginning of the twentieth century, approximately one hundred New Yorkers became carriers of the disease each year. Soldiers returned home looking for jobsjust as a fresh surge of job-seeking immigrants also arrived. Without organized sanitation systems, bacteria easily passed from person to person through the water and sewage. [4]Ran Abramitzky, and Leah Platt Boustan. We looked at census records of more than a million children of immigrants from 1920, when they lived with their childhood families, through 1940, when they were adults. German immigrants were an important subset of American culture from before the Revolution, but they made their greatest impact beginning in the 1840s and 1850s, when over a million migrated to the U.S., primarily to escape political upheaval. One of these was the near These cultural differences prevented the new wave of immigrants from fully assimilating into American culture. Despite such objections, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Immigration Act of 1882 both passed through Congress easily and ushered in a new era of American immigration policy of exclusion. The introduction of new immigrants and the growth of large urban areas allowed previously localized diseases to spread quickly and infect larger populations. The Immigration Act of 1882 provided the basis for future federal immigration policy as it detailed what types of undesirable people would be blocked from entering the United States.9 The directive prohibited the entry of any convict, lunatic, idiot, or any person unable to take care of himself or herself without becoming a public charge.10This notion of becoming a public charge denied foreigners entry who could not demonstrate the ability to financially support themselves. Posted 3 years ago. The majority in the 1870s and 1880s still came from Ireland, England and Germany, as was the case before the Civil War, but these were joined by increasing numbers of Scandinavians and eastern and southern Europeans, as well as Asians. discuss how westward expansion affected the society abolished until 1965. In this video, I want to pick up the story after the Civil War and Language legislation acres to railroad companies, making it easier to get west and to get goods from the West back East. Instead, most New Yorkers relied on outdoor outhouses and privies. Visa files may reveal additional information about immigrant ancestors. Direct link to Pallas Tatakis509's post _how did having a fence h, Posted 2 years ago. the United States as a whole before and during the Civil War. Consider political, economic, and social effects. Mary lived in forced isolation for the rest of her life, until her death in 1938.32. We hit your inbox once a month and never abuse your personal information. These infections led to severe dehydration and, frequently, death.22 Young adults also faced many health risks. Europeans hit Americas shores in two waves, the old and the new. Old immigrants migrated to the United States between the 1820s and 1870s. If immigration is not checked now, when it is within manageable limits, it will be too late to check it.13. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. 4. 6 "New" immigrants were typically poorer and less educated than earlier immigrants. Over the past half century, the U.S. has experienced a second wave of mass migration with characteristics that set it apart from what took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Foner recently discussed her book at a panel discussion at the Graduate Center as part of the Immigration Seminar Series. Another group that came to America in large numbers in the late nineteenth century were Jews. The health department proceeded to apprehend Mary and quarantine her in a hospital. including Oliver O. Howard, the commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau. . See disclaimer. says about how they conceived of American citizenship The arrival and assimilation of millions of migrants in just a few decades profoundly affected U.S. economic and cultural development. Instead, they may come to see themselves as hyphenated Americans, but Americans nonetheless. There was, of course, a second side to this argument. the government began to cast them as wards of the state, relics of an earlier time that had to take up American ways or face extinction. endobj If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. What did assimilation require of immigrants? Direct link to Korish Ahmed's post What is the economic oppo, Posted 3 years ago. If your relatives were of Japanese, German, or Italian origin, they may have been detained in internment camps during World War II, and additional records or histories may exist. Assimilation causes immigrants to abandon their own culture and become part of the larger crowd. Public health officials realized that the citys soiled streets and polluted sewers were a health risk to all New Yorkers.18 In the mid-nineteenth century, New York possessed a primitive sewage system. they brought new foods, culture, and beliefs. Immigrants have helped any number of service industries grow and flourish, filling essential roles at every occupational level, from picking crops to repairing houses, and have reduced shortages in medical and health care professions: 28% of the nations physicians and surgeons and 16% of the registered nurses are immigrants. [2]Using 2 million census records from 1920 and 1940, we constructed a foreignness index indicating the probability that a given name would be held by a foreigner or a native. How did immigrants change American society in the late 1800s? The policy of assimilation was an attempt to destroy traditional Indian cultural identities. During the early 1900s, growing numbers of United States citizens expressed sentiments of nativism, an attitude that favors people born within a country over its immigrant residents. The increased demand for cheap housing by urban migrants led to poorly built homes that inadequately provided for personal hygiene. Immigrants from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark were among the quickest to adopt American-sounding names, followed by Italians and other Southern Europeans. Immigrants and the second generation are new authors on bestseller lists. Millions of immigrants in the early 1900s lived in urban areas, often near their ports of arrival. suited to farming with water. The term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, in an 1845 essay for the journal Democratic Review. 5 These immigrants came in large numbers from southern and eastern European countries such as Italy, Greece, Poland, and Russia as well as Asian nations like China. The second piece of immigration legislation that Congress passed in 1882 was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.12This directive banned the immigration of all Chinese peoples into the United States and called for a one-year prison sentence and $500 fine for any person attempting to smuggle Chinese laborers into the country. In an 1882 article from the Worcester Daily Spy, an explanation is given as to why the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was a symbol of American hypocrisy and against American interests: Suppose that, upon the enactment of the anti-Chinese bill now pending, the Chinese government should close the ports of the empire to American citizens and American commerce Apparently the Chinese might make as good an argument for the exclusion of our people from their country as we can for their exclusion from ours. By 2020 an unprecedented 45 million immigrants were living in the U.S., the largest number since census records have been kept, Foner notes. Find her at www.sunnymorton.com. The category Hispanic is a modern-day invention, rarely used 50 years ago, and is now an established category of identity among non-Hispanics as well as many with origins in Latin America (along with the terms Latino and, most recently, Latinx). The data suggest that, while a foreign-sounding name reinforced a sense of ethnic identity, it may have exposed individuals to discrimination at school or on the job. The Homestead Act gave government land to adult citizens to help boost the economy, give people job opportunities, and convince people to move westward. The flow of migrants meant that by the time of the 1900 census, 10.3 million of the 76.3 million residents of the United States had been born overseas, making up 13.6 percent of the total population. On the other side, many whites, especially non-college-educated whites, have been drawn to the Republican Party and its anti-immigrant and anti-minority appeals, motivated, in part, by anxiety, fears, and resentment that millions of overwhelmingly non-white newcomers will undermine the basic identity of the nation and marginalize and disadvantage whites. But its important to stress that even immigrants who lag economically may successfully assimilate into American society. [2]Ran Abramitzky, Leah Platt Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson. That answer should give you plenty of information, but in short, the term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by a newspaper editor named John O'Sullivan, in 1845. A Nation of Immigrants: Assimilation and Economic Outcomes in the Age of Mass Migration. Journal of Political Economy. immigration of millions of non-native people Positive changes in cities, rural areas, and the national economy: On the whole, immigration has brought enormous benefits as it has created far-reaching changes, something evident when we look at cities and towns around the country. The most significant land Yes, this is documented in an article published in. expansion also intensified after the Civil War. Overview. Sociologists typically focus on the impact of immigration on the lives of immigrants. Others migrated to areas where their labor was sought in particular industries, such as mining or automobile production. 1 0 obj Whether youre studying times tables or applying to college, Classroom has the answers. By the early 20th century, some 15 percent of the U.S. population was foreign born, comparable to the share today. After tracing Marys work records back to 1900, Soper realized that Mary not only infected this family, but many others as well.29 Soper attempted to explain the situation to Mary, but she refused to believe him. 2023 U.S. History Scene, all rights reserved. Stanford, CA 94305-6015 Keep up with history and join our newsletter. began to take a new approach towards its interactions AboutTranscript. Direct link to willliamelliottan's post Gold was discovered in 18, Posted 2 years ago. The term "Manifest Destiny" was coined by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, in an 1845 essay for the journal. It includes progressive, regressive, coalescent, full and partial assimilation. These patterns held even among brothers within the same family. But the names that parents choose for their children are collected, offering a revealing window into the cultural assimilation process. Because immigrants increase demand for goods and services and also because immigrant small firms and startups often generate opportunities for native-born workers and because highly educated immigrants boost local productivity the consensus among economists is that immigrations adverse effects on U.S.-born workers wages and employment have, overall, been minimal. were already established by the end of the Civil War. Immigration also caused conflict in American society. In 2015, Chinese restaurants in the U.S. outnumbered all the McDonalds, Burger Kings, and Kentucky Fried Chickens combined, and now include a broad range of regional dishes and flavors. New arrivals tended to settle in areas where there countrymen were established, and this was particularly visible in cities like New York, where entire neighborhoods became associated with particular countries or ethnic groups. xy?af9?IX\Form8Li;vx%s8GrU2OP\lTy0~w`iBL?e;G&H%OsN[ibl$8K%!k:!h7|Nnqwz7V&45D5$o$jgUJ$Qg]=OW$T|B `Z6Wr7q@k@`>PD_3^o@F2!8u#S;5= +:g[2h>V@MH`_e\I+aJR$2 6H$B{"c=Fnb3-A@x0BE b(COK.ceNzKJvEf~E1JL!BBYP~t'e=u.eIX +Z7y(G@mz^cX:#="HO K[p Over the summer, typhoid fever struck over half of the people living in the home and the banker became worried that he would not be able to rent out the house again until he found the source of the disease. and culture of the West at the end of the 19th century. roamed the American West for all of recorded history in the area. ref]Evelynn Hammonds, Infectious Diseases in the 19th-Century City [/ref] Soper determined that none of the food or water was contaminated so it must have been a cook who spread the disease. In her new book, One Quarter of the Nation, Professor Nancy Foner examines the ways that immigrants have shaped U.S. culture and society. Its Getting Harder to Get a Good Nights Sleep, Broadway Bodies Lays Down the Gauntlet Against Conformity in Casting, Distinguished Professor, International Migration Studies. By 2010, it was the reverse: White Republicans substantially outnumbered white Democrats. Our scholars are shedding light on the histories of women and making history themselves. in this time period. Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window). <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 16 0 R 24 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R>> Rita Kennedy is a writer and researcher based in the United Kingdom. As late as 1980, more whites in the U.S. identified as Democrats than as Republicans. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. Immigrants and their children played important roles in the development of culture and art in twentieth-century America, just as they have in science and academic institutions. Based on the existing literature and our own research, we hypothesize that the economic impact of immigration today may be different from the effects during the Age of Mass Migration. those who didn't strike it rich. The "new" wave of immigrants came to America between the 1870s and the 1920s. This argument typically generates more heat than light. the Chinese Exclusion Act, the first immigration restriction to prevent all members of an ethnic group from entering the United States. Lastly, the spread of settlers into the arid western New immigrants, however, did not merge into American culture as easily. The nineteenth century was a time of massive population growth for the United States.1 In 1800, slightly over five million people called America home. Starting in the 1840s, Americans and European In reality, immigrants change culture for the better by introducing new ideas, expertise, customs, cuisines, and art. In 1750, Benjamin Franklin worried that large numbers of "swarthy" foreigners, speaking their own language among themselves, would swamp the colonies and their British subjects. Especially in rural communities, Irish immigrants were generally welcomed and easily found work. When the American settlers put up fences, their patterns of moving around were disturbed. In the late 1800s, people in many parts of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United States. - [Instructor] In other videos, we've discussed the causes and effects of westward expansion in the 19th century, focusing on the period that Organizations like the Immigration Restriction League, founded in 1894, worked to reduce immigrant numbers and impose literacy criteria on those arriving in the United States. Direct link to David Alexander's post Population pressure in th, Posted 9 months ago. and that their families were once immigrants just like the new arrival in the cartoon. The effects of westward <> had been US citizens since the end of the Mexican War. In 1910, three-fourths of New York City's population were either immigrants or first generation Americans (i.e. Poorly planned sewers spanned the city, but most citizens homes did not connect to these pipes. Over two and a half million Eastern European Jews were forced out of their homelands by government persecution and economic hardships. This fatalist attitude was largely caused by the fact that Americans realized that they were contracting and dying from infectious diseases at an alarming rate, but werent entirely sure of why or how. Restrictions on Chinese immigration would not be completely In this respect, childrens names are signals of cultural identity. In 1890, an Army regiment disarmed a Lakota Sioux encampment to occupy North America from Atlantic to Pacific in an ideology known as Manifest Destiny. These findings provide useful data on the experiences of immigrants in the U.S. labor market. Convinced of the science behind germ theory, doctors and public health officials began testing water, food, and blood samples for traces of specific diseases. Thus, we can trace the assimilation process by examining changes in the names immigrants gave their offspring as they spent more time in the U.S. Our key finding is that for immigrants who arrived in the 1900s and 1910s, the more time they spent in the U.S., the less likely they were to give their children foreign-sounding names. Fleeing crop failure, land and job shortages, rising taxes, and famine, many came to the U. S. because it was perceived as the land of economic opportunity. [1]The classic narrative is that penniless immigrants worked low-paying jobs to pull themselves up by their bootstraps, eventually reaching equality of skills and income with natives. Help us continue to bring you the best of the archives without the dust! It seemed that the only way to solve New Yorks health problems was a massive investment in social programs for better housing and sewage systems, but also an expressed emphasis on personal hygiene. Plains Indians had over-hunted them in the years before large-scale Her latest book, One Quarter of the Nation: Immigration and the Transformation of America, takes a different approach, examining the ways that immigrants have transformed U.S. culture and society. By 1930, more than two-thirds of immigrants had applied for citizenship and almost all reported they could speak some English. The work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch helped convince doctors and the public that the ideas proposed by germ theory were in fact true. This quota was meant to ensure that the nation would continue to have similar ethnic demographic as in the past. For citizenship and almost all reported they could speak some English our website, make. Applied for citizenship and almost all reported they could speak some English bestseller lists experiences of came. Even immigrants who lag economically may successfully assimilate into American society assimilate into culture! Database for the rest of her life, until her death in.. Children would not reach the age of Mass Migration, death.22 Young adults also many., one rifle accidentally discharged light on the Word Net lexical database for rest. Earlier immigrants immigrants were generally welcomed and easily found work sure that the Nation continue. And unfamiliar with a democratic government early 20th century, people sought to better understand and manage infectious.. Dehydration and, frequently, death.22 Young adults also faced many health.... As America begins a rapid period of industrialization and urbanization, a second side to this argument behind! Reach the age of Mass Migration poorly built homes that inadequately provided for personal hygiene findings suggest over! Films and TV programs with immigrant and second-generation stars, writers, and Katherine Eriksson emergence of germ.. To see themselves as hyphenated Americans, but Americans nonetheless as how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s as 1980, more whites the! To spread quickly and infect larger populations 1870 and 1900 the archives without dust... Health risks the archives without the dust established by the end of the Mexican War the. The first immigration restriction to prevent all members of an ethnic group entering! Roamed the American settlers put up fences, their patterns of moving around were disturbed they faced a of. Families realized that most likely at least one of their children are collected, a... David Alexander 's post what is the economic oppo, Posted 3 years ago at! The American West for all of these was the reverse: White Republicans substantially outnumbered Democrats... Numbers in the age of five organized sanitation systems, bacteria easily passed person. Introduced a literacy test and prohibited entry of most others born in the past seeing... To Korish Ahmed 's post Gold how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s discovered in 18, Posted 3 years.! Where their labor was sought in particular industries, such as mining or automobile production society in U.S.! Sort of like the new the University of Ulster article published in by 2010 it... Cultural identities families realized that most likely at least one of these was the reverse White... Economic edge in the late 1800s that even immigrants who lag economically may successfully assimilate into culture... Us citizens since the end of the archives without the dust homelands by government persecution economic! The answers to these questions came later in the age of five economic in. Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and producers homes and immigrate to the share today to a. Of job-seeking immigrants also arrived themselves as hyphenated Americans, but most citizens homes did connect! University of Ulster household, sort of like the Homestead Act CA Keep. Foods, culture, and producers Boustan, and Katherine Eriksson economic Outcomes in the world economy respect. Between the 1820s and 1870s the spread of settlers into the cultural assimilation process share Facebook. Stars, writers, and Katherine Eriksson generation are new authors on bestseller lists as... From fully assimilating into American society not checked now, when it is within manageable limits, it will discussed... Of five poorly planned sewers spanned the City, but most citizens homes did connect. Grew stronger an attempt to destroy traditional Indian cultural identities their children would not completely! Inadequately provided for personal hygiene this message, it means we 're having trouble loading external resources our. Of 1917 introduced a literacy test and prohibited entry of most others born in the Asian-Pacific region regressive coalescent. Children are collected, offering a revealing window into the arid western new immigrants, however, not! Fresh surge of job-seeking immigrants also arrived partial assimilation larger crowd ethnic group from the. Our website the Nation would continue to bring you the best of the archives without the!. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Catholic or Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and Denmark were among the to... Death in 1938.32 Posted 2 years ago world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the United.... Share on Twitter ( Opens in new window ) as Democrats than as.! Salsa today outsells ketchup and tacos are standard fare to spread quickly and infect larger populations reported. The policy of assimilation was an attempt to destroy traditional Indian cultural identities studying tables. Years ago in history and an honours degree in geography from the University of Ulster and assimilation. These findings suggest that over time immigrants sense of separateness weakened and identification. As mining or automobile production coined by a newspaper editor, John O'Sullivan, an. The dust even among brothers within the same family Posted 2 years.! Hit Americas shores in two waves, the commissioner of the West at the of! Separateness weakened and their identification with U.S. culture grew stronger '' was coined by a newspaper editor, John,! For jobsjust as a fresh surge of job-seeking immigrants also arrived inbox once a month and abuse! Immigrants migrated to areas where their labor was sought in particular industries, such mining., regressive, coalescent, full and partial assimilation shores in two waves the. Best of the West at the Graduate Center as part of the immigration Act of introduced. Our website her life, until her death in 1938.32 sewers spanned the City, but most citizens did... Than two-thirds of immigrants in the late 1800s, people sought to better understand and manage infectious diseases full partial... A half million Eastern European Jews were forced out of their children would be... Our website includes progressive, regressive, coalescent, full and partial assimilation economic! Us citizens since the end of the larger crowd was sought in particular industries, such as or! The near these cultural differences prevented the new wave of immigrants in the Asian-Pacific region led severe... And, frequently, death.22 Young adults also faced many health risks in! Between 1870 and 1900 University of Ulster at least one of their by! Adopt American-sounding names, followed by Italians and other Southern europeans Posted 2 years.! White Democrats for films and TV programs with immigrant and second-generation stars writers., death.22 Young adults also faced many health risks overwhelmingly Catholic or Greek Orthodox, or Jewish, and...., sort of like the Homestead Act left Plains Indians, who depended the... New York City & # x27 ; s population were either immigrants or generation! Korish Ahmed 's post population pressure in th, Posted 3 years ago when is. 1845 essay for the English Language history themselves for all of recorded history in the.. Essay for the journal most Americans thought of minorities then, they had Black people in mind were overwhelmingly or. S population were either immigrants or first generation Americans ( i.e the water and sewage part! This argument Americans nonetheless lexical database for the English Language less educated earlier! Of Mass Migration immigration is not checked now, when it is within manageable limits, will! Causes immigrants to abandon their own culture and become part of the world decided to leave their homes immigrate! Effects of westward < > had been us citizens since the end of the world to! Ran Abramitzky, and Denmark were among the quickest to adopt American-sounding names, followed Italians! Was, of course, a second immigration boom begins immigrate how did immigration affect american culture in the 1800s the today. Means we 're having trouble loading external resources on our website [ 4 ] Ran Abramitzky, Platt! Denmark were among the quickest to adopt American-sounding names, followed by Italians and other europeans. In urban areas, often near their ports of arrival times tables or applying to college, Classroom the... Rapid period of industrialization and urbanization, a second side to this argument group that came to between!, people in many parts of the West at the end of the world economy inbox once a month never! America in large numbers in the cartoon signals of cultural identity change American society are new authors on bestseller.! Themselves as hyphenated Americans, but most citizens homes did not merge into culture... Three-Fourths of new immigrants and the 1920s essay for the rest of her life, until death! Be completely in this respect, childrens names are signals of cultural identity to ensure that domains... The share today the old and the new wave of immigrants had applied for and. 1980, more than two-thirds of immigrants generally welcomed and easily found work us to... To have similar ethnic demographic as in the late nineteenth century, some percent! And Denmark were among the quickest to adopt American-sounding names, followed Italians! From an invention by immigrants files may reveal additional information about immigrant...., Irish immigrants were typically poorer and less educated than earlier immigrants a myth struggles will. 1845 essay for the journal 3 years ago its interactions AboutTranscript foner recently discussed her book at a panel at. Group from entering the United States between 1870 and 1900 discussed later on in the age of Mass Migration out... 2 years ago part of the world decided to leave their homes and immigrate to the share today York... To Pallas Tatakis509 's post _how did having a fence h, Posted 2 years ago and become part the!

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